EPISTAXIS TREATMENT

 Epistaxis is a common condition that can be managed conservatively in most cases. When traditional measures like anterior and posterior packing of the nasal cavity, are unsuccessful at controlling the bleeding, interruption of the blood supply to the sinonasal area can be performed, either by surgical ligation or by transarterial embolization.  

 Most cases of epistaxis arise from the anterior septal area, also known as the Little's area. This area's blood by the branches of the external carotid artery. some cases of epistaxis occur from the posterior septal area which is also supplied by branches of the external carotid artery and this site is traditionally difficult to treat by traditional techniques. 

 Because this area is readily accessible, hemorrhage from this region can usually be managed by applying pressure to the nostrils, chemical or electrocautery, topical hemostatic or vasoconstricting agents, cryotherapy, , or anterior nasal packing together with the management of underlying risk factors such as hypertension and oral anticoagulation  

 Endovascular treatment of epistaxis consists of injecting embolizing agents into the arteries that are causing the bleeding to stop the bleeding. The most commonly used are liquid embolizing agents and particles. This method is preferred when the traditional methods do not work, fail or if the bleeding site is not accessible.